LAB Publication Series and the online journals in LAB Open use the Harvard system of referencing.
The Harvard referencing system is the most common variant of name-year systems. In this system, the author's surname and publication year are mentioned in in-text citations. When citing specific information or idea, the page numbers are also added, in condition that they are provided. This way the reader is readily informed of the author and the age of the information cited. The bibliography should be in alphabetical order by author.
For more information on referencing and guidelines for using the in-text citations, please see How and why to cite?
OBS! Regardless of the type of the digital resource used, always include information on the availability, ie. date of citation and a hyperlink. Use persistent identifiers (DOI, URN, Handle, ARK) when available.
Journal articles
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of article. Name of journal. Volume. Issue. Page numbers of the article. Date of citation. Available at DOI
Howell, A., Dopko, R., Passmore, H-A. & Buro, K. 2011. Nature connectedness: Associations with well-being and mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences. Vol.51(2), 166–171. Cited 13 Nov 2017. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.037
Lassalle, V. L. & Failla, M. D. & Vallés, E. M. & Martin-Martinez, J. M. 2004. Chemical modification of styrene-butadiene-styrene co-polymer by grafting of N-carbamyl maleamic acid. Journal of adhesion science and technology. Vol. 18 (15), 1849–1860. Cited 14 Feb 2015. Available at https://doi.org/10.1163/1568561042708359
Electronic newspaper and magazine articles
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of article. Name of newspaper or magazine. Date of citation. Available at URL
Wadhwa, V. 2017. What Google and Facebook must do about one of their biggest problems. The Washington Post. Cited 12 May 2017. Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2017/04/12/what-google-and-facebook-must-do-about-one-of-their-biggest-problems/?utm_term=.7721926434da
Heller, N. 2017. Is the gig economy working? The New Yorker. Cited 23 May 2017. Available at http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/15/is-the-gig-economy-working
Article in a compilation
Author(s). Date of publication. Title of article. In Editor(s) of compilation. Title of compilation. Edition if more than one. Place of publication: Publisher. Possible series entry. Pages of the article. Date of citation. Available at URN or URL
Sore, S. 2016. Learning new skills in projects. In Sore, S. & Kotonen, U. (eds.). Lahti UAS ICT projects 2016. Lahti: Lahti University of Applied Sciences. The Publication Series of Lahti University of Applied Sciences, part 26. 15–16. Cited 8 Sept 2017. Available at http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2016122121344
E-books
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Date of citation. Available at URL
Jacobsen, H. A. 2014. Chemical reactor modeling : multiphase reactive flows. Berlin: Springer. Cited 7 Oct 2015. Available at http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-05092-8
Chapter in E-book
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of Chapter. In: Editor(s) of book. Title of book. Edition if more than one. Place of publication: Publisher. Pages of the chapter. Date of citation. Available at: URN or URL
Lee, J., Park, B., Tyrväinen, L., Li, Q., Kagawa, T., Miyazaki, Y. & Tsunetsugu, Y. 2012. Nature therapy and preventive medicine. In Maddock, J.(ed.). Public Health - Social and Behavioral Health. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. 325–350. Cited 19 Oct 2016. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/37701
Theses
Author(s). Date of publication. Title of publication. Type of thesis. University, department or equivalent. Place of publication. Possible series entry. Date of citation. Available at URN or DOI
Bista, N. 2017. International Student Recruitment Process. Bachelor's thesis. Lahti University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Business and Hospitality Management. Lahti. Cited 18 May 2017. Available at http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2016112617641
Liao, W. 2017. Seeking criteria for biodiversity roofs under Finnish conditions. Master's thesis. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences. Helsinki. Cited 9 Feb 2017. Available at http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:hulib-201703283736
Ojala, M. 2017. The Making of a Global Elite : Global Economy and the Davos Man in the Financial Times 2001 - 2011. Doctoral dissertation. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Research Programs Unit, Media and Communication Studies. Helsinki. Publications of the Faculty of Social Sciences 2017:47. Cited 21 Apr 2017. Available at http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-2600-9
Conference papers
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of paper. In Editors. Title of conference publication. Edition, if more than one. Place and date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher or organiser of conference. Possible series entry. Page numbers of the article. Date of citation. Available at URN or DOI
Harmaala, M-M. 2016. Can Sharing Cities Promote Sustainability. In Aalto A. & Montonen L. Smart Cities in Smart Regions 2016 : Conference Proceedings. Lahti, Finland. May 10-12 2016. Lahti: Lahti University of Applied Sciences. The publication series of Lahti University of Applied Sciences, part 27. 118–125. Cited 19 May 2017. Available at https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-827-264-2
Other online documents
Author(s). Date of publication. Title of publication. Place of publication: Publisher. Possible series entry. Date of citation. Available at URN or URL
Sonntag, U. & Wagner, P. 2016. Positioning and potentials of Finland on the German holiday travel market. Kiel: F. U. R. Forschungsgemeinschaft Urlaub und Reisen. Cited 5 Dec 2016. Available at http://www.visitfinland.fi/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/RA2016_Finland_Report.pdf?dl
Websites
Author(s) or administrator responsible for the site. Year of publication or latest update if known. Title of website. Date of citation. Available at URL
Purdue University. The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). Cited 7 Apr 2017. Available at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
Ellen MacArthur Foundation. 2017. Building blocks of a circular economy. Cited 16 Oct 2019. Available at https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/building-blocks
Legislation
Law, statute or act. Publisher. Date of citation. Available at URL
Directive (EU) 2018/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2008/98/EC on waste. EUR-lex. Cited 29 Mar 2021. Available at http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/851/oj
Videos and podcasts
Author(s). Year. Title. Document type. Publisher. Date of citation. Available at URL
Budiu, R. 2021. The Magical Number 7 and UX. YouTube-video. Nielsen Norman Group. Cited 12 Jan 2024. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNCAMHTmNuQ
Auvinen, N. & Suomalainen, H. 2022. Minidigi – Teknologia oppimisympäristöjen rikastuttajana. Podcast. Helsingin kasvatus ja koulutus. Cited 14 Dec 2023. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqG0hCWafrw
Karhinen, H-M. & Helminen, A. 2023. DigiTM – Digitaalinen tapahtumamuotoilu. Podcast. LAB Focus. Cited 27 Feb 2024. Available at https://soundcloud.com/labfocus/digitm-digitaalinen-tapahtumamuotoilu
AI (Large Language Models)
AI developer. Year of publication. A question or task posed to AI. AI tool used and its version if known. Date of citation. Available at URL
OpenAI. 2023. How to use artificial intelligence in studies? ChatGPT-3.5. Cited 7 Sep 2023. Available at https://chat.openai.com/
Interviews
Name of interviewee. Year. Job title. Organization. Date of interview.
Meikäläinen, M. 2020. Senior lecturer. LAB University of Applied Sciences. Interview 20.1.2020.
Presentations
Author(s) or organization. Year. Title of presentation. Name, place and date of the event.
Kiviluoto, J. & Sinisalo, R. 2018. Information Specialist facing new challenges: open science and research and scholarly publishing as new areas of expertise. Presentation at the Creating Knowledge IX Conference, Vingstedt, 6 June 2018.
Journal articles
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of article. Name of journal. Volume. Issue. Page numbers of the article.
Al-Jabari, M. 2004. Dynamics of chelation-supercritical fluid extraction from wood fibers. Journal of separation science. Vol. 27 (9), 686–690.
Vermeulen, M., van Acker, F., Kreijns, K. and van Buuren, H. 2015. Does transformational leadership encourage teachers’ use of digital learning materials. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. Vol. 43 (6), 10061–025.
Books, series and reports
Author(s), editor(s). Year of publication. Title. Edition if more than one. Place of publication: Publisher. Possible series entry and/or report code.
Suler, J.R. 2016. Psychology of the Digital Age: humans become electric. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
Goodman, E. & Kuniavsky, M. & Moed, A. 2012. Observing the user experience: a practitioner's guide to user research. 2nd ed. Waltham, USA: Morgan Kaufman Publishers.
Wilson, S. 1984. Electron correlation in molecules. 2nd ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press. International series of monographs on chemistry 11.
Article or chapter in a compilation
Author(s). Date of publication. Title of article or chapter. In Editor(s) of compilation. Title of compilation. Edition if more than one. Place of publication: Publisher. Possible series entry. Pages of the article or chapter.
Jonson, M. 1992. Tunneling times in quantum mechanical tunneling. In Ferry, D. K. & Jacoboni, C. (eds) Quantum transport in semiconductors. New York, USA: Plenum Press. Physics of solids and liquids.193–238.
Theses
Author(s). Date of publication. Title of publication. Type of thesis. University, department or equivalent. Place of publication. Possible series entry.
Teikari, P. 2006. Biological effects of light. Master's thesis. Aalto University, School of Electrical Engineering, Department of Communications and Networking. Espoo.
Airola, N. 2017. Methods for analysing paper machine efficiency. Doctoral dissertation. Aalto University, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems. Helsinki. Aalto University publication series Doctoral dissertations 64/2017.
Conference papers
Author(s). Year of publication. Title of paper. In Editors. Title of conference publication. Edition, if more than one. Place and date of conference. Place of publication: Publisher or organiser of conference. Possible series entry. Page numbers of the article.
Sinisalo, R. 2015. Customizing New Library Catalogue for Information Literacy, Digital Collections and Sustainable Development. In Kurbanoglu, S. & Boustany, J. & Spiranec, S. & Grassian, E. & Mizrachi, D. & Roy, L. (eds.) Information literacy: moving towards sustainability. Third European Conference, ECIL 2015, Tallinn, Estonia, October 19-22, 2015, Revised Selected Papers. Tallinn, Estonia October 19-22 2015. Basel, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. Communications in Computer and Information Science 522. 38–46.
Oliveira, P. J. & Issa, R. I. 2003. Numerical aspects of an algorithm for the Eulerian simulation of two-phase flows. In Morgan, K. & Weatherill, N. P. (eds.) ECCOMAS Computational fluid dynamics conference part V. University of Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom. 4-7.9.2001. International journal for numerical methods in fluids. 2003. Vol. 43 (10-11), 1177–1198.
Standards
The mark and number. Year of publication. Title of standard. Edition if more than one. Place of publication: Publisher.
ISO-690-2. 1997. Information and documentation: bibliographic references. Part 2: Electronic documents or parts thereof. Genève: International organization for standardization.
Patents
Country of publication and number of the patent. Year of publication. Title of patent. Patentee, Domicile. (Inventor) Application number, Date of filing. Date of publication.
EP 1713073 A1. 2006. Universal housing for holding storage devices. Quantum Corporation, San Jose, US. (Thorson, Thomas A.) 06252028.3. 12.04.2006. Publ. 18.10.2006.
Images taken from the internet
Author(s). Title of image. Date of citation. Available at URL.
IMAGE 1. Richard R. Nagy: Datamancer’s Steampunk Laptop. Cited 7 Aug 2016. Available at http://www.datamancer.net/steampunklaptop/steampunklaptop.htm
Images taken from printed books
Author(s). Year. Title of image. In Editor(s). Year of publication. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Page of the image.
IMAGE 2. Laine, M. & Peltonen, L. 2007. Paikallisten tapausten ylipaikallinen konteksti aikajanalla. In Laine, M., Bamberg, J. & Jokinen, P. (eds). 2007. Tapaustutkimuksen taito. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. 101.
Creator: Title of Picture/Photograph/Illustration/Painting. Year. Format and/or location. Author(s) or Editor(s). Year of publication. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Page of the picture.
IMAGE 3. Hals, Frans: Hilpeä juomaveikko. 1628-30. Canvas 81 x 66,5 cm. In: Honour, H. & Fleming, J. 1992. Maailman taiteen historia. Helsinki: Otava. 514.
NOTE! If you've modified the image cited (please check the permitted use of the image), cite the original image and add the name of the modifier to the image caption.
Image 1. Caption. (PxHere 2021, modified by Jane Smith)